MENGUAK PRAKTIK PENGHINDARAN PAJAK PADA PERUSAHAAN NONKEUANGAN

Laili Isnataini Nurhidayah, Isna Putri Rahmawati

Abstract


Abstrak – Menguak Praktik Penghindaran Pajak pada Perusahaan Nonkeuangan

Tujuan Utama – Riset ini bertujuan untuk menguji variabel yang memicu praktik penghindaran pajak pada perusahaan nonkeuangan.

Metode – Riset ini menggunakan regresi berganda sebagai metode analisis. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah perusahaan nonkeuangan di BEI dengan periode 2018 sampai 2020.

Temuan Utama – Transaksi pihak berelasi, thin capitalization, dan kepemilikan asing merupakan determinan terjadinya penghindaran pajak. Transaksi pihak berelasi dan thin capitalization secara empiris terbukti meningkatkan penghindaran pajak. Sebaliknya, kepemilikan asing mampu menekan penghindaran pajak.

Implikasi Teori dan Kebijakan – Hasil riset ini dapat membantu pemerintah dan otoritas perpajakan untuk melakukan pengawasan terhadap praktik penghindaran pajak. Selain itu, mereka perlu mencermati transaksi perusahaan dengan pihak luar negeri.

Kebaruan Penelitian – Riset ini menambahkan variabel kepemilikan asing sebagai determinan praktik penghindaran pajak.

 

Abstract – Revealing Tax Avoidance Practices in Non-financial Companies

Main Purpose – This research examines the variables that trigger tax avoidance practices in non-financial companies.

Method – This research uses multiple regression as an analytical method. The sample in this study were non-financial companies on the IDX with a period from 2018 to 2020.

Main Findings – Related party transactions, thin capitalization, and foreign ownership are the determinants of tax avoidance. Related party transactions and thin capitalization are empirically proven to increase tax avoidance. On the other hand, foreign ownership can reduce tax avoidance.

Theory and Practical Implications – These results can help the government and tax authorities monitor tax avoidance practices. In addition, they need to pay close attention to the company's transactions with foreign parties.

Novelty – This study adds the variable of foreign ownership as a determinant of tax avoidance practices.


Keywords


kepemilikan asing; penghindaran pajak; thin capitalization; transaksi pihak berelasi

Full Text:

PDF

References


Akhtar, S., Akhtar, F., John, K., & Wong, S. (2019). Multinationals' Tax Evasion: A Financial and Governance Perspective. Journal of Corporate Finance, 57, 35-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2017.11.009

Alfiyah, N., Subroto, B., & Ghofar, A. (2022). Is Tax Avoidance Caused by Political Connections and Executive Characteristics? Jurnal Akuntansi Multiparadigma, 13(1), 32-41. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jamal.2021.13.1.03

Alkurdi, A. & Mardini, G.H. (2020). The impact of Ownership Structure and the Board of directors’ Composition on Tax Avoidance Strategies: Empirical Evidence from Jordan. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 18(4), 795-812. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-01-2020-0001

Alstadsæter, A., Kopczuk, W., & Telle, K. (2019). Social Networks and Tax Avoidance: Evidence from a Well-Defined Norwegian Tax Shelter. International Tax and Public Finance, 26(6), 1291-1328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-019-09568-3

Amara, I., Khlif, H., & Ammari, A. E. (2020). Strength of Auditing and Reporting Standards, Corruption and Money Laundering: A Cross-Country Investigation. Managerial Auditing Journal, 35(9), 1243-1259. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-10-2018-2026

Amidu, M., Coffie, W. & Acquah, P. (2019). Transfer Pricing, Earnings Management, and Tax Avoidance of Firms in Ghana. Journal of Financial Crime, 26(1), 235-259. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-10-2017-0091

Ariyanto, D. (2020). Influence of Justice, Culture and Love of Money Towards Ethical Perception on Tax Evasion with Gender as Moderating Variable. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 23(1), 245-266. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-06-2019-0047

Badertscher, B. A., Katz, S. P., Rego, S. O., & Wilson, R. J. (2019). Conforming Tax Avoidance and Capital Market Pressure. The Accounting Review, 94(6), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-52359

Beebeejaun, A. (2019). The Fight Against International Transfer Pricing Abuses: A Recommendation for Mauritius. International Journal of Law and Management, 61(1), 205-231. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-05-2018-0083

Bethencourt, C., & Kunze, L. (2020). Social Norms and Economic Growth in a Model with Labor and Capital Income Tax Evasion. Economic Modelling, 86, 170-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.06.009

Biondi, Y. (2017). The Firm as an Enterprise Entity and the Tax Avoidance Conundrum: Perspectives from Accounting Theory and Policy. Accounting, Economics and Law: A Convivium, 7(1), 20170001. https://doi.org/10.1515/ael-2017-0001

Brown, J. L., Drake, K., & Wellman, L. (2015). The Benefits of a Relational Approach to Corporate Political Activity: Evidence from Political Contributions to Tax Policymakers. Journal of the American Taxation Association, 37(1), 69-102. https://doi.org/10.2308/atax-50908

Buettner, T., Overesch, M., & Wamser, G. (2018). Anti Profit-Shifting Rules and Foreign Direct Investment. International Tax and Public Finance, 25(3), 553-580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-017-9457-0

Carr, K. M., Aier, J. K., & Cao, J. (2021). Did PCAOB Rules on Ethics, Independence, and Tax Services Influence Financial Reporting for Income Taxes? Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 40(5), 106845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2021.106845

Cebula, R. (2020). Federal Aggregate Personal Income Tax Evasion/Unreported Income and Its Real Interest Rate Yield Effects on Longer-Term Treasury Debt Issues. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 12(3), 305-325. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFEP-01-2019-0015

Chang, J., Yen, H., & Luo, S. (2022). How to Prevent Time Preference Risk: Evidence from Tax Avoidance. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 58(15), 4247-4260. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2022.2094760

Chen, J. Z., Hong, H. A., Kim, J. B. & Ryou, J. W. (2021). Information Processing Costs and Corporate Tax Avoidance: Evidence from the SEC’s XBRL Mandate. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 40(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2021.106822

Chung, H., Choi, S., & Jung, W. (2019). Controlling Shareholders' Tax Incentives and Related Party Transactions. Pacific Basin Finance Journal, 57, 101181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2019.101181

Damayanti, H. H., & Prastiwi, D. (2017). Peran OECD dalam Meminimalkan Upaya Tax Agresiveness pada Perusahaan Multinationality. Jurnal Akuntansi Multiparadigma, 8(1), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.18202/jamal.2017.04.7041

Davis, A.K., Guenther, D.A. & Krull, L.K. (2016). Do Socially Responsible Firms Pay More Taxes? The Accounting Review, 91(1), 47-68. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-51224

Ding, R., Sainani, S., & Zhang, Z. J. (2021). Protection of Trade Secrets and Corporate Tax Avoidance: Evidence from the Inevitable Disclosure Doctrine. Journal of Business Research, 132, 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.03.042

Doo, S., & Yoon, S. (2020). Tax-Motivated Income Shifting and Board Structure: Evidence from Korean Business Groups. Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, 16(3), 100221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2020.100221

Dupuis, D., Bodolica, V., & Spraggon, M. (2021). Informational Efficiency and Governance in Restricted Share Settings: Boosting Family Business Leaders' Financing Decisions. Management Decision, 59(12), 2864-2890. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-04-2020-0533

Ermasova, N., Haumann, C., & Burke, L. (2021). The Relationship between Culture and Tax Evasion Across Countries: Cases of the USA and Germany. International Journal of Public Administration, 44(2), 115-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2019.1672181

Finér, L., & Ylönen, M. (2017). Tax-Driven Wealth Chains: A Multiple Case Study of Tax Avoidance in the Finnish Mining Sector. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 48, 53-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2017.01.002

Finley, A. R., & Stekelberg, J. (2016). The Economic Consequences of Tax Service Provider Sanctions: Evidence from KPMG’S Deferred Prosecution Agreement. Journal of the American Taxation Association, 38(1), 57-78. https://doi.org/10.2308/atax-51272

Fox, W. F., Luna, L., & Schaur, G. (2014). Destination Taxation and Evasion: Evidence from U.S. Inter-State Commodity Flows. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 57(1), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2013.12.001

Hasan, M. M., Habib, A., & Alam, N. (2021). Asset Redeployability and Corporate Tax Avoidance. Abacus, 57(2), 183-219. https://doi.org/10.1111/abac.12211

Joshi, P., Outslay, E., Persson, A., Shevlin, T., & Venkat, A. (2020). Does Public Country-by-Country Reporting Deter Tax Avoidance and Income Shifting? Evidence from the European Banking Industry. Contemporary Accounting Research, 37(4), 2357-2397. https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12601

Kemme, D. M., Parikh, B., & Steigner, T. (2017). Tax Havens, Tax Evasion and Tax Information Exchange Agreements in the OECD. European Financial Management, 23(3), 519-542. https://doi.org/10.1111/eufm.12118

Khalil, S., & Sidani, Y. (2020). The Influence of Religiosity on Tax Evasion Attitudes in Lebanon. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 40, 100335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2020.100335

Kiesewetter, D., & Manthey, J. (2017). Tax Avoidance, Value Creation, and CSR – A European perspective. Corporate Governance, 17(5), 803-821. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-08-2016-0166

Koh, Y. & Lee, H.A. (2015). The Effect of Financial Factors on Firms’ Financial and Tax Reporting Decisions. Asian Review of Accounting, 23(2),110-138. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARA-01-2014-0016

Lampenius, N., Shevlin, T., & Stenzel, A. (2021). Measuring Corporate Tax Rate and Tax Base Avoidance of U.S. Domestic and U.S. Multinational Firms. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 72(1), 101406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2021.101406

Lee, N. (2020). Tax Avoidance, Near-Future Earnings, and Resource Availability. International Review of Finance, 20(2), 537-548. https://doi.org/10.1111/irfi.12221

Lei, G., Wang, W., Yu, J., & Chan, K. C. (2022). Cultural Diversity and Corporate Tax Avoidance: Evidence from Chinese Private Enterprises. Journal of Business Ethics, 176(2), 357-379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04683-2

Lopez, D. M., & Greenwald, S. M. (2022). A Taxing Audit—On the Association between Auditor Workload Compression and Tax Avoidance. International Journal of Auditing, 26(4), 420-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12289

Makni, Y. F., Maaloul, A., & Dabbebi, R. (2020). The Determinants of Tax-Haven Use: Evidence from Canada. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 21(1), 142-162. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-01-2019-0014

Mangoting, Y., Iriyanto, A. A., Halim, S., & Velisya. (2021). Urgensi Diferensiasi Kebijakan Pajak Berdasarkan Risiko Kepatuhan. Jurnal Akuntansi Multiparadigma, 12(2), 268-284. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jamal.2021.12.2.16

Marjit, S., Mishra, S., & Mitra, S. (2021). Tax Evasion by Tax Deferment: Sham Litigation with an Informal Credit Market. European Journal of Political Economy, 69, 102008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2021.102008

Martins, A. F. (2017). Accounting Information and Its Impact in Transfer Pricing Tax Compliance: A Portuguese View. EuroMed Journal of Business, 12(2), 207-220. https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-11-2016-0029

Mason, P. D., Utke, S., & Williams, B. M. (2020). Why Pay Our Fair Share? How Perceived Influence Over Laws Affects Tax Evasion? Journal of the American Taxation Association, 42(1), 133-156. https://doi.org/10.2308/atax-52598

Nainggolan, C. & Sari, D. (2019). Kepentingan Asing, Aktivitas Internasional, dan Thin Capitalization: Pengaruh terhadap Agresivitas Pajak di Indonesia. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Bisnis, 19(2), 147-159. https://doi.org/10.20961/jab.v19i2.421

Ngah, Z. A., Ismail, N., & Abd Hamid, N. (2022). A Cohesive Model of Predicting Tax Evasion from the Perspective of Fraudulent Financial Reporting Amongst Small and Medium Sized Enterprises. Accounting Research Journal, 35(3), 349-363. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARJ-09-2020-0315

Nurunnabi, M. (2019). Tax Evasion and the Role of the State Actor(S) in Bangladesh. International Journal of Public Administration, 42(10), 823-839. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2018.1520245

Oktavia, O., Siregar, S.V., Wardhani, R. & Rahayu, N. (2019). The Role of Country Tax Environment on the Relationship between Financial Derivatives and Tax Avoidance. Asian Journal of Accounting Research, 4(1), 70-94. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJAR-01-2019-0009

Puspita, A. F., Pusposari, D., & Firmanto, Y. (2021). Apakah Teori Fraud Pentagon Relevan dalam Mendeteksi Penggelapan Pajak? Jurnal Akuntansi Multiparadigma, 12(3), 531-546. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jamal.2021.12.3.30

Qingyuan, L., & Lumeng, W. (2018). Financial Statement Comparability and Corporate Tax Avoidance. China Journal of Accounting Studies, 6(4), 448-473. https://doi.org/10.1080/21697213.2019.1612187

Qu, W., Kang, S., & Wang, L. (2020). Saving or Tunnelling: Value Effects of Tax Avoidance in Chinese Listed Local Government-Controlled Firms. Accounting and Finance, 60(5), 4421-4465. https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.12651

Rathke, A. A. T., Rezende, A. J. & Watrin, C. (2021). The Impact of Countries' Transfer Pricing Rules on Profit Shifting. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 22(1), 22-49. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-03-2020-0034

Ravenda, D., Valencia-Silva, M. M., Argiles-Bosch, J. M., & García-Blandón, J. (2020). Measuring Labour Tax Avoidance and Undeclared Work: Evidence from Tax-Avoidant Offending Firms. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 21(3), 477-496. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-01-2019-0016

Taylor, G. & Richardson, G.(2012). International Corporate Tax Avoidance Practices: Evidence from Australian Firms. The International Journal of Accounting, 47(4), 469-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intacc.2012.10.004

Taylor, G., & Richardson, G. (2013). The Determinants of Thinly Capitalized Tax Avoidance Structures: Evidence from Australian Firms. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 22(1), 12-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2013.02.005

Salihu, I. A., Annuar, H. A., & Obid, S. N. S. (2015). Foreign Investors’ Interests and Corporate Tax Avoidance: Evidence from an Emerging Economy. Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, 11(2), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2015.03.001

Sari, D., Utama, S. & Rahayu, N. (2020). Transfer Pricing Practices and Specific Anti-Avoidance Rules in Asian Developing Countries. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 16(3), 492-516. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-10-2018-0541

Shim, H., Choi, K., & Yoo, J. S. (2022). Examination on Tax Avoidance Measures and Earnings Management: Focusing on Effective Tax Rates and Discretionary Accruals. Korean Accounting Review, 47(2), 101-141. https://doi.org/10.24056/KAR.2022.04.004

Suranta, E., Midiastuty, P. & Hasibuan, H. R. (2019). The Effect of Foreign Ownership and Foreign Board Commissioners on Tax Avoidance. Journal of Economics, Business, and Accountancy Ventura, 22(3), 309-318. https://doi.org/10.14414/jebav.v22i3.2143

Wang, X., Xu, Y., Zhang, L., & Zheng, G. (2022). Subsidiary Governance and Corporate Tax Planning: The Effect of Parent-Subsidiary Common Directors and Officers. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 34(3), 179-197. https://doi.org/10.2308/JMAR-2019-510

Wardani, D. K., & Susilowati, W. (2020). Urgensi Transparansi Informasi dalam Perlawanan Pajak. Jurnal Akuntansi Multiparadigma, 11(1), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jamal.2020.11.1.08

Weerasekera, H. (2018). Tax Rates and Tax Evasion: An Empirical Investigation of Border Tax Evasion in Sri Lanka. South Asia Economic Journal, 19(2), 229-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/1391561418794690

Wong, R. M. K., Kim, J., & Lo, A. W. Y. (2015). Are Related-Party Sales Value-Adding or Value-Destroying? Evidence from China. Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting, 26(1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/jifm.12023

Xu, S., & Zheng, K. (2020). Tax Avoidance and Asymmetric Cost Behavior. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 35(4), 723-747. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148558X18793757

Yee, C. P., Moorthy, K., & Soon, W. C. K. (2017). Taxpayers’ Perceptions on Tax Evasion Behaviour: An Empirical Study in Malaysia. International Journal of Law and Management, 59(3), 413-429. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-02-2016-0022

Zeng, T. (2019). Country-Level Governance, Accounting Standards, and Tax Avoidance: A Cross-Country Study. Asian Review of Accounting, 27(3), 401-424. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARA-09-2018-0179




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jamal.2022.13.2.29

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2022 Laili Isnataini Nurhidayah, Isna Putri Rahmawati

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.